GE-5 (1978)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index33.17▲ 1.39 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)1.80no change
Effective parties (seats)1.00no change
Winner's bonus+33.2 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 66.8% of the votes but 100.0% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 33.2: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 1.8 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-5 (1978) · Pahang
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-5 (1978)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 8 | 123,593 | 66.8% | 8 | 100.0% | +33.2 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 13 | 61,335 | 33.2% | 0 | 0.0% | -33.2 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 10.67 | 2.91 | 2.51 | +12.1 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 23.80 | 2.87 | 1.85 | +21.1 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 16.02 | 1.99 | 1.69 | +16.2 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 26.19 | 1.93 | 1.32 | +26.2 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 29.76 | 1.88 | 1.00 | +32.3 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 42.98 | 1.96 | 1.00 | +43.0 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 26.65 | 1.79 | 1.00 | +29.1 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 33.96 | 2.03 | 1.00 | +37.0 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 31.32 | 2.07 | 1.00 | +35.7 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 39.61 | 1.92 | 1.00 | +39.6 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 33.17 | 1.80 | 1.00 | +33.2 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 31.77 | 1.77 | 1.00 | +31.8 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 39.16 | 1.91 | 1.00 | +39.2 |
| GE-2 (1964) | 25.32 | 1.82 | 1.00 | +28.9 |
| GE-1 (1959) | 29.08 | 1.97 | 1.00 | +33.1 |
| Federal Legislative Council 1955 | 10.05 | 1.22 | 1.00 | +10.0 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.