GE-7 (1986)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index18.73▲ 10.17 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.20▲ 0.40 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.47▼ 0.13 vs previous
Winner's bonus+21.6 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 58.4% of the votes but 80.0% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 18.7: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.2 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-7 (1986) · Melaka
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-7 (1986)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 5 | 100,655 | 58.4% | 4 | 80.0% | +21.6 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 3 | 55,430 | 32.2% | 1 | 20.0% | -12.2 | |
| HAK Profile | 3 | 16,168 | 9.4% | 0 | 0.0% | -9.4 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 26.18 | 3.00 | 2.00 | +19.1 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 11.99 | 2.31 | 1.80 | +13.8 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 12.86 | 1.99 | 1.80 | +12.9 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 25.87 | 1.96 | 1.38 | +25.9 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 24.57 | 1.81 | 1.00 | +28.4 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 23.25 | 1.96 | 1.47 | +23.2 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 11.77 | 1.94 | 1.47 | +12.2 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 21.04 | 2.24 | 1.47 | +19.5 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 18.73 | 2.20 | 1.47 | +21.6 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 8.56 | 1.80 | 1.60 | +8.6 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 19.32 | 1.97 | 1.60 | +19.3 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 12.50 | 1.88 | 1.60 | +12.5 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 26.22 | 2.00 | 1.60 | +26.2 |
| GE-2 (1964) | 30.91 | 1.94 | 1.00 | +33.8 |
| GE-1 (1959) | 14.20 | 2.23 | 1.60 | +15.8 |
| Federal Legislative Council 1955 | 12.05 | 1.27 | 1.00 | +12.1 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.