GE-7 (1986)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index23.70▼ 15.07 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.41▲ 0.51 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.40▲ 0.40 vs previous
Winner's bonus+27.2 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 55.4% of the votes but 82.6% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 23.7: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.4 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-7 (1986) · Perak
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-7 (1986)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 23 | 349,897 | 55.4% | 19 | 82.6% | +27.2 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 14 | 181,561 | 28.7% | 4 | 17.4% | -11.3 | |
| HAK Profile | 23 | 100,468 | 15.9% | 0 | 0.0% | -15.9 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 11.86 | 2.90 | 2.50 | +2.6 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 14.81 | 2.57 | 1.99 | +3.9 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 4.87 | 2.00 | 2.00 | -4.7 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 7.63 | 2.00 | 1.99 | +7.7 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 25.86 | 2.28 | 1.28 | +27.9 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 31.25 | 1.99 | 1.29 | +31.5 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 27.64 | 1.93 | 1.00 | +31.7 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 23.10 | 2.41 | 1.40 | +26.4 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 23.70 | 2.41 | 1.40 | +27.2 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 38.77 | 1.90 | 1.00 | +38.8 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 27.45 | 1.99 | 1.45 | +27.4 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 28.71 | 2.00 | 1.45 | +28.7 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 1.84 | 1.96 | 1.98 | -1.8 |
| GE-2 (1964) | 31.19 | 2.24 | 1.22 | +34.4 |
| GE-1 (1959) | 24.08 | 2.11 | 1.60 | +25.4 |
| Federal Legislative Council 1955 | 19.45 | 1.71 | 1.22 | +19.5 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.