GE-7 (1986)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index5.28▼ 4.57 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.21▲ 0.21 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.96no change
Winner's bonus+3.9 ptsIndependent / no coalition
How to read this
- Independent / no coalition won 53.3% of the votes but 57.1% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 5.3: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.2 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-7 (1986) · W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-7 (1986)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent / no coalition | 7 | 163,476 | 53.3% | 4 | 57.1% | +3.9 | |
| BN Profile | 7 | 124,881 | 40.7% | 3 | 42.9% | +2.2 | |
| HAK Profile | 6 | 18,452 | 6.0% | 0 | 0.0% | -6.0 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 24.77 | 2.19 | 1.20 | +28.3 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 25.12 | 2.11 | 1.20 | +26.5 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 16.78 | 1.86 | 1.42 | +17.2 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 28.90 | 1.89 | 1.20 | +29.0 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 14.57 | 2.33 | 1.86 | +5.5 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 9.60 | 2.02 | 1.92 | +9.8 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 6.11 | 2.13 | 1.92 | +1.1 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 9.87 | 2.42 | 1.96 | +10.3 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 5.28 | 2.21 | 1.96 | +3.9 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 9.85 | 2.00 | 1.92 | +9.8 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 14.95 | 1.60 | 1.92 | -15.0 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 3.98 | 1.97 | 1.92 | +4.0 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.