GE-8 (1990)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index33.27▲ 3.55 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.22▲ 0.18 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.00no change
Winner's bonus+38.5 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 61.5% of the votes but 100.0% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 33.3: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.2 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-8 (1990) · Johor
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-8 (1990)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 18 | 426,854 | 61.5% | 18 | 100.0% | +38.5 | |
| APU Profile | 11 | 142,227 | 20.5% | 0 | 0.0% | -20.5 | |
| GR Profile | 7 | 122,423 | 17.6% | 0 | 0.0% | -17.6 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 2 | 2,707 | 0.4% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.4 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 17.49 | 2.91 | 2.18 | +15.4 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 12.87 | 2.23 | 1.74 | +14.9 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 25.81 | 1.98 | 1.45 | +25.8 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 29.95 | 1.87 | 1.08 | +30.9 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 17.97 | 1.52 | 1.00 | +20.4 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 27.03 | 1.65 | 1.00 | +27.0 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 17.82 | 1.53 | 1.00 | +20.6 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 33.27 | 2.22 | 1.00 | +38.5 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 29.73 | 2.04 | 1.00 | +34.3 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 26.30 | 1.63 | 1.00 | +26.3 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 16.44 | 1.54 | 1.13 | +16.4 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 28.34 | 1.68 | 1.00 | +28.3 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 32.38 | 1.78 | 1.00 | +32.4 |
| GE-2 (1964) | 25.76 | 1.76 | 1.00 | +28.3 |
| GE-1 (1959) | 29.87 | 2.03 | 1.00 | +34.3 |
| Federal Legislative Council 1955 | 13.93 | 1.32 | 1.00 | +13.9 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.