GE-8 (1990)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index33.03▼ 5.13 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)1.81▼ 0.17 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.00▼ 0.17 vs previous
Winner's bonus+33.3 ptsAPU
How to read this
- APU won 66.7% of the votes but 100.0% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 33.0: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 1.8 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-8 (1990) · Kelantan
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-8 (1990)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APU Profile | 13 | 273,532 | 66.7% | 13 | 100.0% | +33.3 | |
| BN Profile | 13 | 134,279 | 32.7% | 0 | 0.0% | -32.7 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 7 | 2,465 | 0.6% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.6 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 32.53 | 2.06 | 1.00 | +36.3 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 14.66 | 2.51 | 1.85 | +16.3 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 9.37 | 2.11 | 1.85 | +10.6 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 30.57 | 1.99 | 1.32 | +30.7 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 6.67 | 2.05 | 1.96 | +7.2 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 31.84 | 1.91 | 1.15 | +31.9 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 28.50 | 2.00 | 1.32 | +29.1 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 33.03 | 1.81 | 1.00 | +33.3 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 38.17 | 1.99 | 1.17 | +38.2 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 13.89 | 1.99 | 1.80 | +13.9 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 26.92 | 1.97 | 1.38 | +26.9 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 25.06 | 1.60 | 1.00 | +25.1 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 7.50 | 2.00 | 1.92 | +7.5 |
| GE-2 (1964) | 23.04 | 1.97 | 1.47 | +23.1 |
| GE-1 (1959) | 21.45 | 1.76 | 1.22 | +21.4 |
| Federal Legislative Council 1955 | 21.91 | 1.52 | 1.00 | +21.9 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.