GE-8 (1990)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index27.05▲ 1.20 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.53▲ 0.37 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.72▲ 0.12 vs previous
Winner's bonus+17.9 ptsGR
How to read this
- GR won 52.1% of the votes but 70.0% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 27.0: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.5 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-8 (1990) · Sabah
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-8 (1990)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GR Profile | 23 | 156,807 | 52.1% | 14 | 70.0% | +17.9 | |
| BN Profile | 6 | 50,235 | 16.7% | 6 | 30.0% | +13.3 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 26 | 93,529 | 31.1% | 0 | 0.0% | -31.1 | |
| APU Profile | 1 | 426 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.1 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 11.14 | 3.92 | 4.25 | +8.4 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 5.70 | 3.26 | 3.11 | +0.2 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 29.73 | 2.28 | 1.27 | +33.3 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 32.26 | 2.06 | 1.08 | +34.8 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 27.18 | 2.04 | 1.08 | +31.1 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 23.52 | 2.07 | 1.34 | +25.6 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 6.89 | 2.04 | 1.92 | +7.4 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 27.05 | 2.53 | 1.72 | +17.9 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 25.85 | 2.16 | 1.60 | +27.6 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 9.73 | 1.99 | 1.88 | +9.7 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 29.42 | 2.00 | 1.44 | +29.4 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 39.15 | 1.91 | 1.00 | +39.2 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 28.33 | 1.68 | 1.00 | +28.3 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.