GE-8 (1990)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index19.36▼ 0.63 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.34▲ 0.20 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.51▲ 0.18 vs previous
Winner's bonus+20.4 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 58.2% of the votes but 78.6% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 19.4: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.3 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-8 (1990) · Selangor
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-8 (1990)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 14 | 380,021 | 58.2% | 11 | 78.6% | +20.4 | |
| GR Profile | 6 | 154,504 | 23.7% | 3 | 21.4% | -2.2 | |
| APU Profile | 8 | 118,533 | 18.2% | 0 | 0.0% | -18.2 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 18.74 | 2.60 | 1.66 | +19.9 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 23.48 | 2.11 | 1.20 | +27.1 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 17.13 | 1.98 | 1.54 | +17.9 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 21.71 | 1.99 | 1.54 | +21.9 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 31.45 | 1.97 | 1.00 | +34.5 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 45.03 | 2.00 | 1.00 | +45.2 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 21.96 | 1.70 | 1.00 | +25.4 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 19.36 | 2.34 | 1.51 | +20.4 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 19.99 | 2.13 | 1.32 | +22.6 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 36.42 | 1.86 | 1.00 | +36.4 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 33.35 | 1.96 | 1.20 | +33.3 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 29.15 | 1.90 | 1.20 | +29.1 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 20.31 | 1.97 | 1.85 | +20.3 |
| GE-2 (1964) | 28.93 | 2.43 | 1.34 | +31.8 |
| GE-1 (1959) | 23.10 | 2.83 | 1.85 | +20.0 |
| Federal Legislative Council 1955 | 28.81 | 1.70 | 1.00 | +28.8 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.