GE-10 (1999)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index3.09▼ 7.34 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.01no change
Effective parties (seats)1.98▲ 0.33 vs previous
Winner's bonus+3.2 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 51.4% of the votes but 54.5% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 3.1: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.0 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-10 (1999) · Pulau Pinang
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-10 (1999)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 11 | 247,870 | 51.4% | 6 | 54.5% | +3.2 | |
| BA Profile | 11 | 233,770 | 48.4% | 5 | 45.5% | -3.0 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 1 | 942 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.2 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 16.11 | 2.27 | 1.55 | +16.9 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 13.55 | 1.88 | 1.35 | +15.8 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 8.79 | 1.79 | 1.55 | +9.1 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 21.64 | 1.88 | 1.35 | +21.7 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 7.30 | 2.37 | 2.09 | +4.7 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 3.09 | 2.01 | 1.98 | +3.2 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 10.43 | 2.04 | 1.66 | +12.0 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 9.25 | 2.20 | 1.98 | +10.7 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 13.28 | 2.42 | 1.98 | +14.8 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 21.55 | 1.97 | 1.53 | +21.6 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 2.68 | 1.99 | 1.98 | +2.7 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 44.03 | 1.97 | 1.00 | +44.0 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 11.86 | 1.87 | 1.60 | +11.9 |
| GE-2 (1964) | 24.58 | 2.72 | 1.68 | +27.7 |
| GE-1 (1959) | 18.12 | 2.69 | 1.88 | +18.5 |
| Federal Legislative Council 1955 | 20.12 | 1.47 | 1.00 | +20.1 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.