GE-10 (1999)

Popular Vote vs Seats

How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.

Gallagher index30.55▲ 2.12 vs previous

Effective parties (votes)1.98▼ 0.13 vs previous

Effective parties (seats)1.00▼ 0.08 vs previous

Winner's bonus+34.1 ptsBN

How to read this

BN won 65.9% of the votes but 100.0% of the seats.
Gallagher index 30.6: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
The effective number of parties by votes is 2.0 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.

Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-10 (1999) · Sarawak

Gallagher index Lower = more proportional

Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)

Votes & seats breakdown — GE-10 (1999)

Coalition	Contested	Votes	% votes	Won	% seats	Gap (pts)
BN Profile	28	337,923	65.9%	28	100.0%	+34.1
BA Profile	21	128,134	25.0%	0	0.0%	-25.0
Independent / no coalition	16	46,380	9.1%	0	0.0%	-9.1

Indices for each election

GE	Gallagher index	Effective parties (votes)	Effective parties (seats)	Winner's bonus
GE-15 (2022)	16.03	2.34	1.69	+18.0
GE-14 (2018)	10.36	2.15	2.07	+8.8
GE-13 (2013)	20.13	2.05	1.45	+21.8
GE-12 (2008)	29.80	1.99	1.07	+32.6
GE-11 (2004)	29.84	1.85	1.07	+30.6
GE-10 (1999)	30.55	1.98	1.00	+34.1
GE-9 (1995)	28.44	2.11	1.08	+32.7
GE-8 (1990)	17.97	2.39	1.58	+20.7
GE-7 (1986)	32.44	1.98	1.28	+32.4
GE-6 (1982)	22.41	1.96	1.49	+22.4
GE-5 (1978)	32.80	1.87	1.09	+32.8
GE-4 (1974)	7.25	1.98	1.88	+7.2
GE-3 (1969)	7.44	1.52	1.70	-7.4

Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.