GE-15 (2022)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index39.15▲ 13.41 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.57▼ 0.29 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.00▼ 0.80 vs previous
Winner's bonus+45.9 ptsPN
How to read this
- PN won 54.1% of the votes but 100.0% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 39.2: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.6 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-15 (2022) · Perlis
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-15 (2022)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PN Profile | 3 | 80,287 | 54.1% | 3 | 100.0% | +45.9 | |
| BN Profile | 3 | 35,365 | 23.9% | 0 | 0.0% | -23.9 | |
| PH Profile | 3 | 29,317 | 19.8% | 0 | 0.0% | -19.8 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 3 | 2,600 | 1.8% | 0 | 0.0% | -1.8 | |
| GTA Profile | 1 | 708 | 0.5% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.5 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 39.15 | 2.57 | 1.00 | +45.9 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 25.75 | 2.86 | 1.80 | +27.8 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 44.47 | 1.99 | 1.00 | +44.6 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 39.85 | 1.92 | 1.00 | +39.9 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 36.28 | 1.86 | 1.00 | +36.3 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 43.83 | 1.97 | 1.00 | +43.8 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 31.52 | 1.76 | 1.00 | +31.5 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 34.55 | 1.83 | 1.00 | +34.5 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 33.53 | 1.80 | 1.00 | +33.5 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 32.20 | 1.77 | 1.00 | +32.2 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 39.25 | 1.91 | 1.00 | +39.3 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 33.01 | 1.79 | 1.00 | +33.0 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 48.85 | 2.00 | 1.00 | +48.8 |
| GE-2 (1964) | 36.75 | 1.87 | 1.00 | +36.8 |
| GE-1 (1959) | 40.37 | 1.93 | 1.00 | +40.4 |
| Federal Legislative Council 1955 | 33.16 | 1.80 | 1.00 | +33.2 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.