State Election Round 8 (1990–2001)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index24.29▼ 1.26 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.20▲ 0.26 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.25▲ 0.20 vs previous
Winner's bonus+27.4 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 61.5% of the votes but 88.9% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 24.3: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.2 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) · Johor
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 8 (1990–2001)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 36 | 423,122 | 61.5% | 32 | 88.9% | +27.4 | |
| GR Profile | 12 | 114,544 | 16.7% | 3 | 8.3% | -8.3 | |
| APU Profile | 24 | 149,931 | 21.8% | 1 | 2.8% | -19.0 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 1 | 252 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 16 (2026) | 22.92 | 2.15 | 1.32 | +26.1 |
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 24.47 | 3.15 | 1.79 | +28.3 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 9.47 | 2.27 | 1.89 | +10.9 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 13.76 | 2.00 | 1.77 | +13.9 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 25.62 | 1.90 | 1.24 | +26.2 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 18.09 | 1.60 | 1.04 | +20.8 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 27.67 | 1.67 | 1.00 | +27.7 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 19.30 | 1.61 | 1.00 | +22.7 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 24.29 | 2.20 | 1.25 | +27.4 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 25.55 | 1.94 | 1.06 | +29.2 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 29.01 | 1.70 | 1.00 | +29.0 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 23.16 | 1.63 | 1.06 | +23.2 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 26.45 | 1.71 | 1.06 | +26.4 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 28.78 | 1.84 | 1.13 | +28.8 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 29.04 | 1.92 | 1.00 | +32.4 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 20.27 | 1.95 | 1.29 | +20.5 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.