State Election Round 8 (1990–2001)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index28.37▲ 0.43 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.18▲ 0.12 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.13▲ 0.07 vs previous
Winner's bonus+32.2 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 61.7% of the votes but 93.9% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 28.4: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.2 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) · Pahang
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 8 (1990–2001)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 33 | 198,372 | 61.7% | 31 | 93.9% | +32.2 | |
| APU Profile | 25 | 81,478 | 25.3% | 1 | 3.0% | -22.3 | |
| GR Profile | 7 | 36,491 | 11.3% | 1 | 3.0% | -8.3 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 4 | 5,188 | 1.6% | 0 | 0.0% | -1.6 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 2.62 | 2.88 | 2.75 | +2.0 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 15.47 | 2.92 | 2.29 | +17.9 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 16.54 | 2.05 | 1.69 | +17.3 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 30.97 | 2.02 | 1.27 | +30.7 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 28.09 | 1.98 | 1.10 | +29.6 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 24.04 | 1.99 | 1.50 | +24.1 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 26.99 | 1.91 | 1.05 | +29.5 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 28.37 | 2.18 | 1.13 | +32.2 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 27.94 | 2.07 | 1.06 | +32.0 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 34.72 | 1.89 | 1.06 | +34.7 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 38.08 | 1.89 | 1.00 | +38.1 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 34.41 | 1.82 | 1.00 | +34.4 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 28.23 | 1.98 | 1.38 | +28.2 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 27.49 | 1.92 | 1.00 | +31.6 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 29.16 | 2.03 | 1.09 | +32.2 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.