State Election Round 11 (2004–2016)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index26.05▼ 3.01 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.28▲ 0.30 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.26▼ 0.09 vs previous
Winner's bonus+28.5 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 59.6% of the votes but 88.1% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 26.1: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.3 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) · Perak
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 11 (2004–2016)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 59 | 462,039 | 59.6% | 52 | 88.1% | +28.5 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 25 | 138,295 | 17.8% | 7 | 11.9% | -6.0 | |
| BA Profile | 44 | 174,723 | 22.5% | 0 | 0.0% | -22.5 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 12.06 | 2.92 | 2.61 | +13.3 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 11.93 | 2.57 | 2.20 | -0.9 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 7.87 | 2.00 | 1.99 | +8.1 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 0.17 | 2.00 | 1.99 | +0.1 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 26.05 | 2.28 | 1.26 | +28.5 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 29.07 | 1.98 | 1.35 | +29.2 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 24.73 | 1.90 | 1.04 | +28.7 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 18.90 | 2.46 | 1.68 | +15.9 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 16.56 | 2.44 | 1.68 | +17.6 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 30.12 | 1.92 | 1.21 | +30.1 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 25.69 | 2.00 | 1.57 | +25.7 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 20.83 | 1.99 | 1.63 | +20.8 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 3.90 | 1.97 | 2.00 | -3.9 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 29.89 | 2.23 | 1.28 | +32.9 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 21.18 | 2.12 | 1.54 | +22.8 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.