State Election Round 12 (2008–2021)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index25.25▲ 4.67 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)1.96▲ 0.07 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.42▲ 0.26 vs previous
Winner's bonus+25.3 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 56.9% of the votes but 82.1% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 25.3: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.0 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) · Melaka
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 12 (2008–2021)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 28 | 163,917 | 56.9% | 23 | 82.1% | +25.3 | |
| PR Profile | 28 | 124,213 | 43.1% | 5 | 17.9% | -25.3 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 31.30 | 2.99 | 1.67 | +36.6 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 9.90 | 2.40 | 1.99 | +2.5 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 21.43 | 2.01 | 1.60 | +21.7 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 25.25 | 1.96 | 1.42 | +25.3 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 20.58 | 1.90 | 1.15 | +23.6 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 26.59 | 1.96 | 1.37 | +26.6 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 16.62 | 1.89 | 1.27 | +18.6 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 20.19 | 2.17 | 1.34 | +22.3 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 19.25 | 2.12 | 1.34 | +22.2 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 20.23 | 1.73 | 1.22 | +20.2 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 25.63 | 1.98 | 1.47 | +25.6 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 20.87 | 1.94 | 1.47 | +20.9 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 26.94 | 2.00 | 1.60 | +26.9 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 21.95 | 1.99 | 1.22 | +24.8 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 29.10 | 1.97 | 1.00 | +33.1 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.