State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index34.97▲ 11.03 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.70▼ 0.23 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.14▼ 0.85 vs previous
Winner's bonus+41.0 ptsPN
How to read this
- PN won 52.3% of the votes but 93.3% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 35.0: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.7 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) · Perlis
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PN Profile | 15 | 77,504 | 52.3% | 14 | 93.3% | +41.0 | |
| PH Profile | 15 | 27,856 | 18.8% | 1 | 6.7% | -12.1 | |
| BN Profile | 15 | 36,301 | 24.5% | 0 | 0.0% | -24.5 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 13 | 5,646 | 3.8% | 0 | 0.0% | -3.8 | |
| GTA Profile | 6 | 905 | 0.6% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.6 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 34.97 | 2.70 | 1.14 | +41.0 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 23.94 | 2.93 | 1.99 | +27.6 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 29.43 | 2.03 | 1.30 | +30.3 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 31.03 | 1.94 | 1.14 | +31.8 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 30.52 | 1.88 | 1.14 | +30.5 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 23.98 | 1.97 | 1.47 | +24.0 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 31.90 | 1.77 | 1.00 | +31.9 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 33.91 | 1.90 | 1.00 | +35.2 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 31.59 | 2.28 | 1.32 | +29.5 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 29.37 | 1.89 | 1.18 | +29.4 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 42.28 | 1.95 | 1.00 | +42.3 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 33.95 | 1.81 | 1.00 | +33.9 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 38.16 | 1.99 | 1.18 | +38.2 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 30.04 | 1.95 | 1.18 | +30.8 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 35.56 | 1.89 | 1.00 | +36.2 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.