State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index19.45▲ 0.76 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)1.90▼ 1.08 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.18▼ 1.14 vs previous
Winner's bonus+22.7 ptsPN
How to read this
- PN won 68.9% of the votes but 91.7% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 19.4: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 1.9 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) · Kedah
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PN Profile | 36 | 801,380 | 68.9% | 33 | 91.7% | +22.7 | |
| PH Profile | 21 | 233,654 | 20.1% | 3 | 8.3% | -11.8 | |
| BN Profile | 15 | 116,340 | 10.0% | 0 | 0.0% | -10.0 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 11 | 11,195 | 1.0% | 0 | 0.0% | -1.0 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 19.45 | 1.90 | 1.18 | +22.7 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 18.69 | 2.98 | 2.32 | +13.5 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 7.55 | 2.04 | 1.95 | +8.0 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 8.24 | 2.09 | 2.03 | +7.9 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 26.17 | 1.94 | 1.31 | +26.4 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 11.19 | 1.99 | 1.80 | +11.4 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 30.27 | 1.94 | 1.12 | +31.5 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 31.05 | 2.02 | 1.16 | +31.5 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 26.87 | 2.02 | 1.24 | +28.7 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 29.92 | 1.88 | 1.17 | +29.9 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 18.05 | 1.98 | 1.65 | +18.0 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 19.96 | 1.67 | 1.17 | +20.0 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 5.21 | 1.99 | 1.95 | +5.2 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 30.24 | 1.87 | 1.00 | +32.4 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 27.44 | 1.74 | 1.00 | +28.9 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.