State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index23.42▼ 3.11 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)1.88▼ 0.49 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.09▼ 0.32 vs previous
Winner's bonus+26.3 ptsPN
How to read this
- PN won 69.2% of the votes but 95.6% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 23.4: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 1.9 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) · Kelantan
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PN Profile | 45 | 589,838 | 69.2% | 43 | 95.6% | +26.3 | |
| BN Profile | 31 | 178,437 | 20.9% | 1 | 2.2% | -18.7 | |
| PH Profile | 14 | 81,546 | 9.6% | 1 | 2.2% | -7.4 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 6 | 2,020 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.2 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 23.42 | 1.88 | 1.09 | +26.3 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 26.53 | 2.37 | 1.41 | +30.2 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 18.01 | 1.98 | 1.64 | +18.1 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 30.28 | 1.97 | 1.30 | +30.3 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 2.95 | 2.00 | 1.99 | +3.0 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 33.67 | 1.90 | 1.10 | +33.7 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 26.84 | 1.98 | 1.37 | +27.1 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 33.55 | 1.84 | 1.00 | +34.1 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 20.65 | 2.01 | 1.62 | +20.9 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 21.16 | 2.00 | 1.67 | +21.2 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 26.57 | 1.88 | 1.86 | +26.6 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 26.11 | 1.63 | 1.00 | +26.1 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 10.81 | 1.99 | 1.87 | +10.8 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 13.00 | 1.96 | 1.72 | +13.0 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 21.49 | 1.74 | 1.14 | +22.5 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.