State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index2.62▼ 12.85 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.88no change
Effective parties (seats)2.75▲ 0.46 vs previous
Winner's bonus+2.0 ptsPN
How to read this
- PN won 39.0% of the votes but 40.5% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 2.6: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.9 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) · Pahang
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PN Profile | 42 | 338,225 | 39.0% | 17 | 40.5% | +1.5 | |
| BN Profile | 42 | 333,621 | 38.5% | 17 | 40.5% | +2.0 | |
| PH Profile | 41 | 188,241 | 21.7% | 8 | 19.0% | -2.7 | |
| GTA Profile | 18 | 5,008 | 0.6% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.6 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 7 | 2,192 | 0.3% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.3 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 2.62 | 2.88 | 2.75 | +2.0 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 15.47 | 2.92 | 2.29 | +17.9 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 16.54 | 2.05 | 1.69 | +17.3 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 30.97 | 2.02 | 1.27 | +30.7 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 28.09 | 1.98 | 1.10 | +29.6 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 24.04 | 1.99 | 1.50 | +24.1 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 26.99 | 1.91 | 1.05 | +29.5 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 28.37 | 2.18 | 1.13 | +32.2 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 27.94 | 2.07 | 1.06 | +32.0 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 34.72 | 1.89 | 1.06 | +34.7 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 38.08 | 1.89 | 1.00 | +38.1 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 34.41 | 1.82 | 1.00 | +34.4 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 28.23 | 1.98 | 1.38 | +28.2 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 27.49 | 1.92 | 1.00 | +31.6 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 29.16 | 2.03 | 1.09 | +32.2 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.